Case Analysis And Problems With Dementia Nursing Essay

Case Analysis And Problems With Dementia Nursing Essay Dementia is a progressive and irreversible decline in mental function1. Lewy Body Dementia (DLB) is a form of degenerative dementia characterised by the presence of Lewy Bodies which are clumps of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin protein in neurons2. These are only detectable in post-mortem brain biopsies2. The manifestations of dementia present themselves clinically as progressive cognitive decline which impairs day-to-day social and motor functioning. This central feature of DLB is essential for the initial diagnosis of the disorder and the initial evaluation of a patient with dementia must establish the presence of cognitive impairment and provide a measure of its severity. Three core features which are significant in the diagnosis of DLB and distinguishing it from these other disorders are2: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluctuations in both mental cognition and relative levels of attentiveness. The severity and duration of these episodes vary among patients, however, generally, severity increases with time. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visual Hallucinations characteristically detailed and well-formed; significant in differentiating DLB from Alzheimers disease as they are relatively rare in the latter disorder. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous features of Parkinsonism, such as tremors. At least two of these core features must be present to conclude that there is DLB3. Suggestive features of the disorder include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, repeated falls and transient loss in consciousness. In the absence of a core clinical feature the presence of one or more of these suggestive features may help in the diagnosis of DLB. The differential diagnosis for DLB is mainly Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease or other dementia syndromes. However, in Catherines case the presence of a number of core and suggestive features strongly indicate DLB. In relation to Catherine, there are many indicators present which qualify her for diagnosis with the disease. Not only does she exhibit some of the core features mentioned previously but it is also evident that she is suffering from some of the more suggestive, but equally as debilitating, aspects of the disease. It is evident on examination that Catherine is experiencing fluctuations in cognition as her verbal responses are often difficult to comprehend and are unreliable. These memory lapses, along with aggressive responses, are known symptoms of dementia2. She has had some vivid visual hallucinations previously which may be a mitigating factor in her continuous falls, another suggestive feature of the disorder2. Catherines husband faces many challenges as her primary caregiver. Caregiver burden is defined as the high levels of stress and anxiety associated with the provision of care to another person suffering from some kind of illness4. Catherines husband is likely to suffer from caregiver burden as he is the sole provider of care and his closest source of relief is his daughter who lives some distance away. He faces challenges in communication and in managing Catherines behaviour and struggles with his own physical fitness while also trying to care for his wife. He is likely to suffer emotionally as result of the demands placed upon him as a result of Catherines unwillingness to avail of respite care services. Catherine presents many challenges to the healthcare system in that she is aggressive towards members of staff with whom she is unfamiliar. This impedes upon the quality of her care as nursing staff appreciate her condition but are unable to manage it on an acute ward. The problems with her memory make interactions difficult as she does not remember her surgical treatment and becomes aggressive and agitated at times. It is likely that as the disease progresses these factors will become more serious and incapacitating, leaving her husband with no choice but to admit her to a long-term care facility. Societal Context It is difficult to quantify the prevalence of Dementia in Ireland and in various countries due to variances in how we define and ration dementia and also due to methodological variances in conducting studies5.  However there remain some factors such as age and gender which show consistencies across studies. It has been found that Alzheimers disease is more common in women, and that prevalence of dementia can double with every 5 years of increase in age6. The Alzheimer Society of Ireland (ASI) estimates that there are currently more than 44,000 people suffering from some form of dementia in Ireland7. It is shown that the prevalence is higher in females than males with 20,000 females and 14,000 males found to be suffering in 2002 and the incidence is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years in correspondence with the aging population in Ireland.  By the year 2036 the ASI estimates that there will be over 100,000 people with dementia8.   Studies have shown there are a number of risk factors associated with dementia. Along with age and gender, genetics and BMI have also been linked closely with dementia. One study found that normal-weight women had a greater risk of developing dementia than women with a higher BMI than them9. It has also been found that those with higher BMI  have  a decreased risk of cognitive decline10. Cholesterol levels have also been linked to the cause of dementia in that high levels of high density lipoprotein have been associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimers disease11. There are a number of known support groups in this country for relatives of patients with  dementia7. For example, The Alzheimer Society of Ireland provides  a range of services to people with Alzheimers disease and other forms of dementia. The Carer and Family Support Groups operate throughout Ireland, usually meeting on a monthly basis7. This support network offers a vital opportunity for carers and family members to share experiences, information and practical advice in a supportive environment and would be of significant benefit in Catherines case to provide her husband with an outlet from the constant pressures associated with her disease. The Irish Government does offer some financial support to people suffering from dementia but it appears not to be enough. There are a number of schemes which provide home care to patients, however a  new report  illustrates that Ireland  spends only half the OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)  average on dementia services12 despite the fact we rival any other European Country in relation to the growth of dementia. According to the report for every 18,500 euro cut, four people with dementia will  lose  any service provided by the government12. This would be detrimental in Catherines case as she may eventually rely heavily on the government for support. Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety The treatment of Dementia is focused towards specific disease manifestations as there are no definitive treatments available. To effectively treat Dementia, patients and families should be involved as soon as the diagnosis is made. The availability of information, good health services, and support should be provided to help patients and their families to cope with dementia. The behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia have been a difficult management area for neurologists and psychiatrists alike. The key to proper management is the correct identification of each symptom and the underlying precipitating cause. The proper management is not only rewarding in terms of responsiveness in an otherwise incurable and progressive disease, but also improves the quality of life of the patients and the caregivers. The management of dementia begins with a thorough assessment to search for underlying causes of behavioural changes. Non-pharmacological approaches should be used prior to medication use. These interventions include music, light, changes in level of stimulation and specific behavioural techniques. The type of dementia, individual symptom constellation and the tolerability of the patient will help to determine what medication should be used13. Cholinesterase inhibitors treatment for people with DLB is commonly used in clinical practice, especially for patients that exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms. The use of antipsychotics for agitation and aggression has shown consistent efficacy and it is the most studied pharmacological intervention14. Pharmacotherapy must be monitored closely for both effectiveness and side effects, with consideration of medication withdrawal when appropriate. Studies show that anti-dementia medicine neither cure, arrest nor delay the onset of the disease, but are helpful in symptom relief14. There is an urgent need to develop more efficacious medications for the treatment of dementia15 as in the long-term we know that a diagnosis of dementia is a sentinel event that signifies progressive loss of independence and increasing demands on caregivers. In this case, the biggest barrier to Catherine receiving adequate healthcare is herself and the uncooperative and aggressive nature of her condition. Her husband and family cannot fully support her needs therefore she needs to be admitted to a long-term care facility. Her wishes to continue living in her own home may prevent her from getting the care she needs. Also, the fact that her husband must make the decision could be considered a barrier as he is unwilling to put her into long-term care, where the stability may help her. Individualised rehabilitation approaches targeting relevant and personally-meaningful aspects of everyday functioning have demonstrated significant benefits in single-case and small-group intervention studies16. Cognitive rehabilitation is a relatively new approach to improving well-being for people with dementia and their families, but at present only preliminary evidence regarding efficacy is available16. However, this preliminary evidence suggests that cognitive rehabilitation does have the potential to bring about changes in behaviour, enhance well-being and maintain involvement in daily life. Psychosocial interventions of this kind can be provided alongside pharmacological treatment, and it is possible that these two approaches can complement one another to optimize benefits for the person with dementia17. There are a great many questions still to be answered, but the existing evidence provides a valuable basis for further development of this approach. Ethical Considerations There are a number of ethical issues to address in Catherines case. As DLB progresses, it gradually renders people incapable of tending to their own needs, thus their decision-making capacity is compromised and caretakers must step in and make decisions for them. Catherine suffers from dementia and requires constant care. In preventing Catherine from independently getting in and out of bed, several ethical issues are involved. Her caretakers can only effectively tend to her and ensure her safety by compromising her right of autonomy for the sake of beneficence18 i.e. doing this for her own well-being in order to provide her with adequate care. Also non-maleficence18 is a factor in this situation i.e. they must ensure she does not get harmed while moving about unsupervised In Ireland, under the Mental Health Act of 2001, certain conditions must be must be met before someone is involuntarily admitted to a long-term care facility19. Fundamentally The patient must be eligible to be involuntarily admitted The Person sending the patient must send in application for the patient That Person must fit certain requirements. After application, a registered medical practitioner must do an examination on the patient and if he/she is satisfied, he/she writes a recommendation for the involuntary admittance of the patient in an approved centre. Catherine definitely fits the requirements of the patient to be involuntarily admitted as she is actually suffering from a mental disorder20 and her caretakers may be considered unfit to take care of her. While her husband wants to respect her wishes he is physically unable to provide the level of care that she needs, even with his daughters weekly assistance. It is obvious that she requires constant monitoring as evident by her repeated falls. Therefore, after a mental health assessment it is likely that she be recommended to live in such a facility with more appropriate care21. Healthcare providers are only able to advise patients and their family members on the best course of treatment and management plan available, suggesting alternatives are still within their boundaries. However, the final choice always resides with the patient and his/her family members22. Disputes which may arise become a tough issue for health care professionals to resolve, as all circumstances need to be taken into consideration before a decision can be reached23. Word Count: 1989 Search Strategy As part of our search strategy we used resources from the library and those online.   We found books and journals in the library useful for sourcing background information about Lewy Body Dementia. Online we used medical search database, Medline and PubMed. We had to tailor our search criteria to suit the particular section of the report we were writing.   To further refine our search findings we used the advanced search and used the limits option. If our search yielded too few findings, we learnt to change our keywords and to broaden our search area. For example when Dementia is searched PubMed reveals 119494 options, however if dementia AND Ireland is searched 404 results are revealed. To further refine this search we used Limits whereby we limited the findings to trials that had links to the free article online, were in English and were conducted on humans. This searched revealed 60 findings. It is also useful to use sources that have been referenced by other authors and we found that once you found one or two good trials, they usually had referenced some other sources that matched your search criteria. This cut down on the searching through irrelevant articles and proved better use of our time.   All in all we found the internet very useful for sourcing our references and in particular we found PubMed and Medline user friendly once we understood how to use them properly.

Hawkins V Clayton Case Summary

Hawkins v Clayton [1988] HCA 15; (1988) 164 CLR 539 (8 April 1988) High Court of Australia Case Title: HAWKINS v. CLAYTON [1988] HCA 15; (1988) 164 CLR 539 F. C. 88/012 Medium Neutral Citation:[1988] HCA 15 Hearing Date(s): 1987, May 13 1988, April 8 Decision Date:20 June 2011 Jurisdiction: High Court of Australia Before:C. J Mason J. Wilson J. Brennan J. Deane J. Gaudron Catchwords: Negligence – Duty of care – Solicitor – Will held by solicitor – Failure to inform executor of death of testator and of contents – Whether duty to do so – Loss to estate caused by executor's ignorance of death – Measure of damages.Limitation of Actions – Tort – Accrual of cause of action – Running of time – Commencement – Breach by solicitor of duty of care to inform executor of testator's death – Loss to estate caused by executor's ignorance of death – Limitation Act 1969 (N. S. W. ), s. 14(1). Legislation Cited: Limitation Act 1969 (N. S. W. ), s. 14(1) Wills, Probate and Administration Act 1898 (N. S. W. ), s. 150 s. 32 of the Wills, Probate and Administration Act s. 61 of the Wills, Probate and Administration Act Cases Cited: Central Trust Co. v. Rafuse (1986) 31 DLR (4th) 481, at p 521Bowen v. Paramount Builders (1977) 1 NZLR 394, per Richmond P. , at p 407 Central Trust Co. v. Rafuse (1986) 31 DLR (4th) 481, at p 521 Bowen v. Paramount Builders (1977) 1 NZLR 394, per Richmond P. , at p 407 Voli v. Inglewood Shire Council [1963] HCA 15; (1963) 110 CLR 74, at p 85 Midland Bank v. Hett, Stubbs and Kemp (1979) Ch 384, at pp 402-403 Hedley Byrne & Co. Ltd. v. Heller & Partners Ltd. [1963] UKHL 4; AC 465 Marshall v. Broadhurst (1831) 1 C & J 403 [1831] EngR 151; (148 ER 1480) Balch v. Symes [1823] EngR 362; (1823) Turn & R 87, at p 92Aebly's Will (1941) 29 NYS 2d 929, at pp 931-932; affirmed (1941) 31 NYS 2d 664 Georges v. Georges [1811] EngR 446; (1811) 18 VesJun 294 (34 ER 328) Lord v. Wormleighton [1822] EngR 477; (1822) Jac 580, at p 581 [1822] EngR 477; (37 ER 969) Estate of Harvey (1907) P 239 Goods of Shepherd (1891) P 323, at p 326 Hollis v. Smith (1808) 10 East 293, at p 295 (103 ER 786, at p 787) Meyappa Chetty v. Supramanian Chetty (1916) 1 AC 603, at pp 608-609 Ryan v. Davies Bros. Ltd. [1921] HCA 53; (1921) 29 CLR 527, at p 536) Pinchon's Case [1572] EngR 289; (1611) 9 CoRep 86b, at p 88b [1572] EngR 289; (77 ER 859, at p 863)Texts Cited: Sir James Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England (1883) Parties: Representation – Counsel: File number(s): DECISION The case of Hawkins V Clayton was the result of a breach of duty by the solicitors of the testator, Mrs Brasier, and to the executor of the estate, Mr Hawkins. The solicitors were in custody of Mrs Brasier’s will and seemingly were not aware of the testators death for some time as they had written letters to her regarding her will in September 1978 and August 1979 with no respo nse.After the commencement of the action taken up by Mr Hawkins, he had passed and his widow and executor continued the action as she had become Mrs Brasier’s executor by devolution. Mr Hawkins and his family had lived with Mrs Brasier as a â€Å"tenant† in her home at Blakehurst, sometime during August 1973 Mr Hawkins and Mrs Brasier had had a disagreement and the Hawkins family had left the Blakehurst house. It was determined that Mrs Brasier had spoken with Mr Hawkins about his appointment as executor but had not confirmed it once the will was written.After August 1973 Mrs Brasier had contact the solicitors to make a new will but had not carried out the changes and the solicitors had not had any instructions from her since. After the death of Mrs Braiser, her nephew, Ronald Lamb had taken up residence in her house and had not paid any rent or maintained the property. Mr Lamb had contacted the solicitors and had represented to them that Mr Hawkins had disappeared and requested payment out of the estate for funeral expenses.Some years later, Mr Hardwick who had been handling the matter had retired and upon the retention of new solicitors from the Executor, had rendered an account for services provided to the estate. This case was heard in the High Court of Australia on appeal from the judgment handed down from the Supreme Court of New South Wales. In the judgment from the Supreme Court, it was found that the Statute of Limitations had barred the solicitors from being found guilty of a breach of duty of care.The High Court Judges had not reached a unanimous decision regarding the duty of care owed to the executor. Mason C. J and Wilson J found that there was no duty of care owed to Mr Hawkins and suggested the appeal be dismissed, on the other hand; Brennan, Deane, Gaudron JJ had found that there had been a breach of the duty owed to Mr Hawkins, and that the Limitations Act would not affect any claim of such a breach as the breach did not occur a t the time of the death of Mrs Braiser but from when the Solicitors found out of her death.There was argument that the resultant damages incurred by Mr Hawkins was caused by his ignorance of the will and his failure to administer the estate it was however found that the damages were indeed caused by the lack of the solicitors to promptly notify Mr Hawkins of his interest in the estate and his role as executor. Brennan, Deane, Gaudron JJ ordered that damages be paid by the respondents though as the damages had not been quantified, they all agreed that the parties should discuss and agree to the amount of damages payable, if the parties could not agree to an amount, the Supreme Court of NSW would determine the costs owed.The final orders as found in the judgment are as follows: 1. the appeal to that Court be allowed with costs; 2. the judgment of Yeldham J. be set aside; 3. in lieu thereof judgment be entered for the plaintiff for damages to be assessed; 4. the action be remitted for determination by a judge of the Supreme Court; and 5. the defendants to pay the plaintiff's costs to be taxed.

Analysis Of The Book Carte Blanche Essay - 1479 Words

An autobiography is by definition a personal account of the events that happened in a person’s life. How the writer records these events are subjective? giving the author ‘carte blanche’ to enhance reality, interweave creativity and imagination to produce a more interesting, readable and compelling story. These are all elements I considered when drafting ‘Time to let go.’ This narrative is not a direct recollection of my personal experience. But, interprets a devastating chain of events that happened to my son’s friend, and the effect this tragic accident had on a mother. I wanted to tell this story with as much sentiment and compassion as possible. Therefore, I relied on a variety of ‘creative elements’ to coalesce understanding, memory and imagination. To bring together the feelings and emotions of every mother’s worst nightmare, the death of a child. This critical commentary will reflect on the techniques used in creating, crafting and structuring this narrative. It will focus on the problems I encountered composing the storyline and deliberate on how I overcame these problems. Furthermore, this reflection will examine how ‘Life and Journal writing can have therapeutic and psychological benefits, and be salutary to personal, and professional development. In addition, it will discuss how writing in this genre can add a psychotherapeutic dimension to aid the grieving process for people facing this difficult situation. In addition to the core texts of the moduleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Turkeys Internal Conflict and the Kurdish Minority995 Words   |  4 Pagesthe international conflicts and the behavior of states, David Singer introduced the idea of levels of analysis. He distinguished between two broad levels: the macro level that explains the events from an international and global perspective, and the micro level that explains what happened from an internal point of view. 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Book Report Writing

Book reports are required in numerous courses Every day teachers and instructors find new ways to keep students busy and learning, but many students are already bombarded with requirements from work and family that overwhelm them and make accomplishing writing work difficult. If you are struggling with book report writing, and need assistance to write a custom book report, our writers are here for you, writers committed to your success and dedicated to your needs. To provide you with verification, our writers have even written samples of their work, to demonstrate how their help will be the best assistance for your custom book report writing. High quality, professional writers available for your book report writing Book report writing is complicated not only because you must read a book to write it, but also because of strict formatting requirements and the need to adhere to the plagiarism prevention methods that are established by your school placing quotation marks, paraphrasing accurately, and even knowing where to put the in-text citations or even footnotes. Most students need writers they can trust to help them write the best custom book report, and here at ThePensters.com we provide you with the highest quality writers writers dedicated to your success and striving to meet your specific goals and needs. When you need a great writer, for your custom book report writing, you can browse through their examples and samples, or request that our support team put you in contact with the most compatible writer for your needs. You are not alone when you need to write a book report, our professional writers are here for you. Achieve your goals with the writers you can select Meet your goals, have the best success in book report writing when you have professional writers who care about your success, strive to meet your requirements, and are dedicated to custom book reports every time. You know you have made the best choices when you have writers who are willing to share with you their experiences, demonstrate their competence, and provide you evidence that they can develop the best custom book report writing. Quality service, reliable support teams, and professional writers are what you need when you need the best quality help to write your book report.

Concepts Of Knowledge, Reality And Existence - 2582 Words

The word philosophy derives from Greece, meaning â€Å"love of wisdom† and is the study of the basic concepts of knowledge, reality and existence (Dictionary.com, 2014). Someone who studies philosophy is called a philosopher; generally they are an individual who loves wisdom (Price, Lecture 6, 2014). Often said to be the study of questions philosophy raises, what human beings label as â€Å"life’s big questions,† which leads to them pondering life on a bigger scale. Philosophers ask a lot of questions and they are looking to answer questions they, personally, have about life. People study philosophy because they want to discover and understand the truth about themselves as an individual, the truth about the world that they live in and their relationships relating to the world and others in it. Philosophy is broken up into three concepts; â€Å"an activity, a set of attitudes and a body of content† (Knight, 2006). The body of content concept of philosophy is known as â€Å"epistemology, metaphysics and axiology† (Cohen, 2014). Epistemology is the study of â€Å"the nature of truth and knowledge† (Knight, 2006). Metaphysics is the study of questions relating to reality. Axiology is â€Å"the study of questions of value† and also includes the concepts of ethics and aesthetics (Knight, 2006). Ethics studies moral values and conduct aiming to answer questions about what an individual should do, what is a good life and what is good conduct. Aesthetics is the study of beauty focusing on what art is but notShow MoreRelatedEssay about Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence1382 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartes’ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essay willRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. 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Thus a form exists for objects like tables and rocks and for concepts such as beauty and justice.† Plato discusses how objects and concepts change over time (what our senses perceive)

The Costs of Extending Sea Defences at Walton-on-the-Naze are too high and the Benefits are too small Free Essays

string(74) " would have been very different, it would eventually become a ghost town\." Walton is the southeast of England; part of the town is situated on a headland called the ‘Naze’. To get to Walton we will go across the Orwell Bridge and along the A12, then we will travel onto the A113 and then go onto the B1033 and then up to Walton. This whole journey is fifty kilometres approximately. We will write a custom essay sample on The Costs of Extending Sea Defences at Walton-on-the-Naze are too high and the Benefits are too small or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is map of Walton and the route to it on page 3 Walton has got a colourful background: * The earliest human remains found at Walton are dated back to the Neolithic period of 4,000 to 2,500 BC. This was discovered when a large village settlement was found at the northern end of the Naze. * Romans were the next to inhabit the Naze. * After the Romans nothing much is known about the Naze until around 1527 when John Stone bought a farm about 1km from today’s shoreline. * In 1924 the Naze was bought and made into a golf course. * In 1939 the area was taken over by the armed forces, where the first British guided missile system was developed. * The forces left the Naze in 1947 and it become rough grazing * Finally in 1963 the Essex County Council and Tendring District Council as a public open space bought it. There are many different reasons why people want to save the Naze, firstly, to lose the area would be bad financially, as the people who live there bring in money and pay taxes as do the businesses near the area. Secondly, the cliffs at the Naze are of geological significance, it is full of fossilised sharks teeth and wood. Thirdly a lot of migratory birds start and finish their journeys at the Naze. Some of these are often rare, such as Sanderlings, Oyster Catchers and Little Terns. There are also some very unusual plants growing on the Naze. Many of these plants, birds and fossils are threatened with extinction in Britain. The cliffs at Walton are being eroded in mainly two ways, the first is slumping, described in the diagram above. The second is when hydraulic action (when the waves are crashing into the cliff) and abrasion (pebbles rocks etc. thrown at cliff), causes undercutting at the bottom of the cliff. This leaves the base of the cliffs unprotected so the cliffs collapse into the sea. In doing this coursework I am trying to prove or disprove the hypothesis, ‘the costs of extending sea defences at Walton-on-the-Naze are too high and the benefits are too small. Chapter 1 Coastal Defences at Walton At present there are three main ways that are used to protect the beach, groynes, Rip-raps and breakwaters. All three of these stop Longshore Drift (LSD). Longshore Drift on a Beach A Groyne is a wall built a little way out into the sea that traps sand, this stops Longshore Drift, and so sand builds up on one side of the Groyne so the beach gets bigger. However, on the other side of the groyne, no sand builds up, so the beach is still lost. These cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 each, and are sited more than 200 metres apart. So to protect just one kilometre would cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000. A rip-rap is a group of interlocking boulders, which break up the waves, therefore not allowing the waves to erode the cliffs or letting Longshore Drift take place. These cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 a metre. Breakwaters are basically just concrete groynes, they stop Long Shore Drift and also break the waves. A Rip-rap I feel that these methods have been very successful in stopping Longshore Drift, as you can see from the picture below there is a lot of sand. The Beach at Site C The groynes have worked and there is a beach To protect the cliff/promenade different methods have also been used. Rock Armour takes most of the energy of the wave as for it not to crash into the cliff and erode it away. The sea wall is probably the most important method to stop the erosion as it is the most effective, the sea wall reflects waves and withstands waves breaking on it so stopping the promenade being eroded, however it does have to be replaced because over time it to will get eroded away. The Sea Wall at the Promenade This is the most effective technique, but as you can see from the picture it has been beaten by the waves and has started to erode. Site D is generally the unprotected area. There are actually no sea defences to stop the erosion and removal of the beach. Also the groynes at the south of this area have made the problem worse. Even though behind the groyne the beach is protected it means less material heads further down the beach, so beaches further down the coast start to get smaller. This means that the waves concentrate all their energy on the base of the cliffs so they slump. There are very few defences to protect the cliff at site D, only a very old sea wall, an this has started to erode away so it is not really very useful. The methods used haven’t been successful because basically there are no methods to stop the erosion. That area is very popular with dog walkers, horse riders and bird watchers. There is a lot of wildlife, a Martello tower, houses, farms and sewage works. So it would not be very good for it not to be there. Chapter 2 At sites A, B and C a vast amount of money has been spent on making sea defences and repairing them, and they have been working very well. At Walton there is a very big beach, nearly all the cliffs are not slumping and even though the defences were expensive, Walton is very economically valuable. If the groynes were never there or had been taken out the resort would have been very different, it would eventually become a ghost town. You read "The Costs of Extending Sea Defences at Walton-on-the-Naze are too high and the Benefits are too small" in category "Papers" This is called the negative multiplier effect. This is shown in the diagram labelled ‘The Negative Multiplier Effect’. The Slumping Which Will Hopefully Not Happen Anymore For Walton to be worth saving for economical reasons it has to have lots of sources of income, the most important of these is the beach. The beach is a reason for people to come to the town, and once they use the beach they use the pier, the amusements, the restaurants and the leisure centre, all of these things bring in money and also all of these businesses pay taxes which means the council gets more money, which in turn means the services (health, education, environmental, emergency) get more money so they are better. As the towns services are better then more businesses are attracted to Walton, because of all of these things Walton becomes a thriving tourist town, with lots of money. When the four classes went to Walton we filled in economic and environmental evaluation sheets of the four different sites we visited, for economic 1 was the least valuable and 5 the most, and with environmental 1 was the least environmentally valuable and 5 the most. Then I took an average or 2 classes results. Then using Excel I made graphs of these results, I also made graphs of my own, personal results. These are the graphs entitled Bi-Polar Environmental/Economic Index Scores or My Own Bi-Polar etc. As you can see from the class average graph for the economic value of Walton and my own results, we all thought that Site A, the Pier Area was the most economically valuable. This is because of the pier and all the amusements on it these all bring in money but it was also the leisure centre and all the restaurants that also bring in money. However I thought that Site B was also very economically valuable while the class average showed it was quite valuable but not as valuable as site A. I felt this because in site B there is the beach, and this is probably the biggest money earner, as without the beach all of the other things would not be there (see Negative Multiplier Effect diagram). Also site B has the beach huts that are quite costly to buy so this would bring in money. Both the class graphs and mine show that neither sites C or D are very economically valuable, but these do bring in some money, sites C and D have a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, a farm, houses and a sewage works, which all pay taxes to the council, so they are not hugely lacking in economic value. This was completely the opposite for the environmental evaluations, sites C and D scored the highest both in the class graph and mine, but I scored sites C and D slightly higher than the average. I thought they should both score highly because they had had a high scenic quality, the habitat for birds and animals was very good, and the location is important for the study of geology and ecosystems. In site D there is a lot of salt-loving vegetation that helps stop the cliffs eroding so if this was taken away they are effectively taking away sea defences. The area is also very popular with bird watchers, dog walkers and horse riders. The ‘Save The Naze’ Protection society desperately wants to save the Naze from falling into the sea. On their website they had an article about why the Naze is not being saved. Beaurocracy hinders any real progress to Save the Naze Via the local MP both the Environmental and Heritage departments of the Government has been written to asking for action to save the Naze and the Naze Tower, which is a listed building. The environmental department confirmed its approval for the agreed three hard point scheme to retard erosion but will not finance it saying action needs to come from Tendring District Council. The Heritage department say it is concerned about losing the Tower but cannot do anything because it is down to the environmental department to do something. They also say Tendring District Council should be the organisation taking the initiative. The Chief Executive of Tendring District Council and others have been written to about the major slippages and asking what they intend to do but they still await the results of research expected in spring 2002. There is a real danger then that they will use results to discredit the currently approved scheme and want to spend more time and money investigating and getting approved alternative schemes. From past experience this could well take 5 to 10 years in which time the Tower will be lost together with more acres of the Naze. The Tower At Walton Tower at risk in next few years The cliff edge at the Tower groyne is now within 25m from the cafe. The cliff edge at this point is now estimated to be around 100m back from the end of the existing sea defence constructed in 1977. This means that erosion here is 4m a year and the cafe and the tower near to it, a Grade II listed building, are in serious danger of being lost in the next two or three years unless something is done soon. The decision whether the Naze is worth saving is very difficult. Both sides have very good arguments whether or not to save the Naze. I think that the Naze is defiantly worth saving, just because some sites are not economically valuable, or some are not environmentally valuable, all of the sites are at least one of those. Sites A and B are worth saving for economical reasons and sites C and D are worth saving for environmental reasons. Eventually the whole town will erode away if the sea defences are not put in everywhere. There is still a lot of cliff erosion in the unprotected parts of the Naze, as the articles below on the save the Naze website shows. Cliff footpath goes into the sea Another huge piece of the Naze cliffs has slipped losing a further half acre of public amenity space and causing Tendring District Council to create a new path along the cliff because of the danger to the public. The slippage was at the spot where the centre hard point of the approved coastal defence scheme was to have been erected for which Tendring District Council would not support a submission for lottery funds. This hard point would have saved this from happening. Heavy Winter rain takes its toll. This winter the substantial rainfall has caused a greater than normal slippage of sections of cliff, particularly at the Tower groyne and mid-way between there and the northern end. The normal high and vicious winter tides have done their worst and carried away tons of the Naze Conclusion I have been trying to explore the hypothesis, ‘the costs of extending sea defences at Walton on the Naze are too high and the benefits to small’. I do not agree with the hypothesis, I feel that Walton-on-the-Naze is worth saving. I think that sites A, B and C should definitely be saved, this is because without these sites, Walton would have no source of income, site A has the pier, restaurants, cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, amusements, a leisure centre and a car park. All of these pay a business tax that goes into the towns funds, which in turn, helps fund important services (health, emergency, education and environmental). Site B has the most important source of income of all, the beach, without the beach people would not have a reason to come to Walton, the beach not being there would a have a knock-on effect for the rest of the town, this is shown in my negative multiplier effect diagram, labelled Fig.10. Site C is quite a big money earner for the town; it has a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which pays business tax, houses which pay residential tax, a sewage works and a farm. Also it has a Martello tower, which is a grade 2 listed building, there was an article about the tower on the save the Naze website (fig.15-16), it states that if that area is left and the current rate of erosion stays the same the tower will be gone in 3-5 years. I think that site D should be protected, even though it has no real economic value, the environmental value is great, there are some very rare birds which visit, also some very rare plants grow there as well. The area is very popular with dog walkers and horse riders; also once people are drawn to Walton because of the wildlife they may well visit the town and the pier and spend some money, so even though the Naze itself does not earn any money it is a way to attract people to the town. There was a lot of evidence that helped me come to this conclusion, the evaluation sheets we filled in at Walton (Fig 8 9) and the graphs I then made of these results (figs 11-14) were especially helpful to me. They helped me understand what other people felt about saving/not saving the Naze. The Save the Naze website was also very important, it showed some of major slippages that have happened recently, and also that Tendring District Council really don’t care about Walton. In one of the articles (fig 17) the website tells of how another huge piece of cliff, along with a footpath fell into the sea, and all the council did was erect another footpath alongside the old one, somewhere along the line someone will be walking on a footpath when it collapses and get killed, then everyone will be saying to the council, why wasn’t anything done before? They will have no answer. Part of the Cliff That Has Fallen Down The most important evidence that helped me to make my decision was the things I saw when we went to Walton, I saw a building that had fallen onto the beach below, where there were no defences, and then to see the site where the defences have been put and have been working. When we went to Walton it was not a particularly nice day but there were many, many people on the beach and again many people in the town itself. Evaluation I used many methods to test the hypothesis; these were notes, photographs, field sketches, bi polar graphs and evaluation sheets of each site. The notes and photographs I took were very useful, the photographs really showed the extent of the damage that has been done by erosion and slumping, the sea defences that have been put in place and what is going to be destroyed if more sea defences are not put in. The bi-polar graphs and evaluation sheets were also very successful, the class graphs allowed me to see what other people thought about the Naze. There are two other methods I would have liked to use, but were not able to. The first of these is a questionnaire; these could have been handed out to walkers and owners of homes and businesses to see how they felt about their council and the place they live being eroded away, this could of enabled me to see if the people of Walton want their town saved. Another way of doing this would be to interview people connected with Walton, someone from the Save the Naze website, someone from the chamber of commerce, someone from the council and owners of homes and businesses. The only problem with this is that it would not give a fair idea, as it is only 4 peoples opinion and not 10 times that if we sent out questionnaires. In presenting my work, I word-processed my text, added a lot of photographs and used the Internet to find some sources of information from the Save the Naze website. I feel that my work was well presented, as I word-processed everything it looks a lot neater as there are no mistakes and the pages are numbered so to not mix up the pages. One method I would like to have used was Microsoft PowerPoint, so I could show things e.g. How to get to Walton and how slumping happens, in 3.D to help understand what slumping is. One problem we encountered when we visited Walton was the weather, it rained heavily just as we were going to site B, having been to sites C and D already we had done half of the trip but it was cut short as the rain wouldn’t stop. I think I was very organised with the way I did my work, but one thing I would have preferred is that if we would have gone to Walton before we had started the written work, because we had already done the introduction the week before we went, so I feel that if we went before I would have been able to get more information in the introduction. How to cite The Costs of Extending Sea Defences at Walton-on-the-Naze are too high and the Benefits are too small, Papers

Arts painting reflection BobbyByron Essay Example For Students

Arts painting reflection BobbyByron Essay Many people were not aware of Arizona Canyon until 1869, when John Wesley Powell became the first to travel its full length by boat, In 1871 Powell made a second trip accompanied by the young artist Frederick Delegable. His third trip was in 1873, when he introduced the Grand Canyon to landscape artist Thomas Moran, who portrayed its grandeur to the public. Moran work was to compel president Theodore Roosevelt to declare the site a national monument. B. What social commentary do you think this painting is trying to convey? Explain, The commentary is about showing the beauty of an future American monument hat was not discovered as of yet. The painting shows the different features of the Grand Canyon, this makes people want to go see it for themselves. 2. Painting title, artist, date: Nighthawks, Edward Hopper, 1942 This painting was inspired by a restaurant on New Works Greenwich Avenue where two streets meet, the painting depicts an all-night diner in which three customers, all lost in their own thoughts, have congregated. Hoppers understanding of the expressive possibilities of light playing on simplified shapes gives the painting its beauty. B. What social commentary do you think this painting is trying to convey? Explain. The commentary was about the loneliness of a large city, according to the author, The four people (night owls) seem separate and remote from each other and the viewer. It denied by the painter that this was a symbol of human isolation and urban emptiness. 3. Painting title, artist, date: Christinas World, Andrew Whet, 1948 a, What events influenced this painting? How? This is a picture of a bowman named Anna Christina Olson who has suffered from polio. Whet created this painting when he saw her crawling across a field while watching from a Window in the house. Whet had a summer home in the area and was on friendly terms with Olson. Although Olson was the inspiration and subject Of the painting, she was not the primary model ? Whiteys Wife Betsy posed as the torso of the painting. Olson was 55 at the time Whet created the work. The house is known as the Olson House in Cushing, Maine. B. What social commentary do you think this painting is trying to convey? Explain. Think the social commentary is showing a woman laying on the ground that may have fallen trying to get to this house. The artist could be showing that the woman may see something from afar that is about to happen to the house. 4. Painting title, artist, date: Queering, Pablo Picasso, 1937 This painting was created by Picasso in response to the bombing of Queering, a village in Spain by German and Italian warplanes at the behest of the Spanish Nationalist forces in 1937 Spanish civil war, The social commentary that this painting is conveying is that it is showing the tragedies of war and suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians. This painting gained monumental status, reminding of the tragedies of war, an anti-war symbol and promotes peace. The main focus Of this painting is to convey peace. 5. Painting title, artist, date: American Gothic, Grant Wood, 1930 a. What events influenced this painting? How? Woods inspiration came from what is now known as the American Gothic House, and his decision to paint the house along with the kind of people he felt lived in this house. It is an image of a farmer standing beside his daughter, which was modeled by the artists sister and their dentist b. What social commentary do you think this painting is trying to convey? Explain. The woman is dressed in a colonial print apron evoking 19th-century Americana, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the mans pitchfork symbolizing hard labor, and the flowers over the womans right shoulder suggesting domesticity.